'God' as a Theoretical Term
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15691/0718-5448Vol7Iss2a455Keywords:
Natural Theology, Theoretical Terms, Reference Theories, Religious Language, Metatheology.Abstract
This paper suggests revisiting some classic challenges regarding the meaningfulness and reference of religious propositions and explore the possibility of addressing these challenges under the assumption that 'God' is a theoretical term, i.e., a term denoting an entity that cannot be directly observed but that nevertheless is able to fulfill an explanatory role within theories that give an account of the world that is available for our experience. Considering some distinctive features of theoretical terms may shed new light in various debates in contemporary philosophy of religion, particularly because it provides a novel framework for understanding the nature and functions of natural theology.
References
Achinstein, Peter. 1965. “The Problem of Theoretical Terms”. American Philosophical Quarterly 2 (3): 193–203.
Alston, William P. 1988. “Referring to God”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 24 (3): 113–28.
———. 2005. “Religious Language”. En The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion, editado por William J. Wainwright, 220–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Artigas, Mariano. 1992. Filosofía de la ciencia experimental. 2°. Pamplona: EUNSA.
———. 1999. The Mind of the Universe. Understanding Science and Religion. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
Balzer, Wolfgang. 1996. “Theoretical Terms: Recent Developments”. En Structuralist Theory of Science. Focal Issues, New Results, editado por C. Ulises Moulines y Wolfgang Balzer, 139–66. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Benton, Matthew, John Hawthorne & Dani Rabinowitz (editores). 2018. Knowledge, Belief and God. Oxford University Press.
Crombie, Ian M. 1958. “The Possibility of Theological Statements”. En Faith and Logic. Oxford Essays in Philosophical Theology, editado por Basil Mitchell, 31–83. New York: Routledge.
Enć, Berent. 1976. “Reference of Theoretical Terms”. Noûs 10 (3): 261–82.
Flew, Antony. 2005. God and Philosophy. New York: Prometheus Books.
Flew, Antony, R. M. Hare & Basil Mitchell. 1955. “Theology and Falsification”. En New Essays in Philosophical Theology, editado por Alasdair McIntyre y Antony Flew, 96–130. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Flew, Antony & Roy Abraham Varghese. 2007. There is a God. How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: Harper-Collins e-books.
Forrest, Peter. 2017. “The Epistemology of Religion”. En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Religion, editado por Edward N. Zalta, Summer 2017. URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/religion-epistemology/>.
Geivett, R. Douglas & Brendan Sweetman (editores). 1992. Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gellman, J. I. 1982. “God and Theoretical Entities: Their Cognitive Status”. In-ternational Journal for Philosophy of Religion 13 (3): 131–41.
Harris, James F. 2002. Anlytic Philosophy of Religion. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Hebblethwaite, Brian. 2010. “Natural Theology”. En A Companion to Philosophy of Religion, editado por Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper y Phillip L. Quinn, 2a ed., 196–203. West-Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hempel, Carl G. 1959. “The Empiricist Criterion of Meaning”. En Logical Positivism, editado por A. J. Ayer, 108–29. New York: The Free Press.
Huneeus, Clemente. 2022. “Triplex Via and the ‘Gap Problem’ with Cosmological Arguments”. New Blackfriars 103 (1106): 536–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbfr.12727.
———. 2023. “The Functions of Natural Theology in Thomas Aquinas: A Presumption of Atheism?” Religious Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412523000616
Kripke, Saul A. 1980. Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, Massachusets: Harvard University Press.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Second Edition (enlarged). Vol. II. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 2. Chica-go: The University of Chicago Press.
Kvanvig, Johnathan L. 2020. “Anselmian adversities”. Religious Studies 56 (6): 318–32. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0034412518000604.
———. 2021a. Depicting Deity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
———. 2021b. “Metatheology and the Ontology of Divinity”. En The Divine Nature, editado por Simon Kittle y Georg Gasser, 138–57. New York: Routledge.
Lakatos, Imre. 1978. The methodology of scientific research programmes. Vol. I. Philosophical Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Laudan, Larry. 1978. Progress and Its Problems. Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Maitzen, Stephen. 1995. “God and Other Theoretical Entities”. Topoi 14:123–34.
Nielsen, Kai. 1966. “On Fixing the Reference Range of ‘God’”. Religious Studies 2 (1): 13–36.
———. 1974. “Empiricism, Theoretical Constructs, and God”. The Journal of Religion 54 (3): 199–217.
O’Leary-Hawthorne, J., y D. Howard-Snyder. 1996. “Are Beliefs about God Theoretical Beliefs?” Religious Studies 32 (2): 233–358.
Phillips, D. Z. 1979. “Religion Without Explanation”. Mind 88:152–55.
———. 2005. “Wittgensteinianism. Logic, Reality and God.” En The Oxford Hanbook of Philosophy of Religion, editado por William J. Wainwright, 447–71. Oxford. New York: Oxford University Press.
Plantinga, Alvin. 1991. “The Prospects for Natural Theology”. Philosophical Perspectives 5:287–315.
———. 2000. Warranted Christian Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
Popper, Karl R. 2005. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. 2a ed. Routledge Classics. New York.: Routledge.
Ramsey, Ian T. 1957. Religious Language. An Empirical Placing of Theological Phrases. London: SCM Press.
Rundle, Bede. 2004. Why There is Something Rather than Nothing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swinburne, Richard. 2004. The Existence of God. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press - Oxford.
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. 1986. “The Migration of Theistic Arguments: From Natural Theology to Evidentialist Apologetics”. En Rationality, Religious Belief and Moral Commitment. New Essays in the Philosophy of Religion, editado por Robert Audi y William J. Wainwright, 38–81. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
———. 2005. “Religious Epistemology”. En The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion, editado por William J. Wainwright, 245–71. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zeis, John. 1993. “Natural Theology: Reformed?” En Rational Faith: Catholic Responses to Reformed Epistemology, editado por Linda Zagzebski, 48–78. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows the use, transformation, and distribution for any purpose, as long as the author is recognized, and in the event of changes or developements are made from it, the derivate work be shared under the same license.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book).
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).





